1. Write a note on Trust
A trust is an industrial organisation engaged in the production or distribution of any commodity. The trust would possess adequate control over the supply and price of that commodity to its own advantage.
2. Write a note on Pravda.
Pravda is a Russian word meaning “Truth”. It was the official newspaper of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1918 to 1991.
3. Write a note on Gold Standard.
Gold Standard is a monetary system where a country’s currency or paper money carried a value directly linked to gold.
4. Write a note on Fascism.
Fascism is a form of radical authoritarian ultra-nationalism, characterised by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition and strong regimentation of society and of the economy, which came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe.
5.What is called Decolonisation?
Decolonisation is a process through which colonial powers transferred institutional and legal control over their colonies to the indigenous nationalist governments.
6. Who were called Boers
The descendents of original Dutch settlers of South Africa, also known as Afrikaners, were called Boers. Their language is Afrikaans.
7.What is called Apartheid?
Apartheid in South Africa Apartheid, which means separateness. The whole country was divided into separate areas for the different races. Marriage between white and non-white was forbidden. Nearly all schools were brought under government control so that education different from that of the Whites could be implemented for Africans. University education was also segregated. Apartheid is based on the belief that the political equality of White and Black in South Africa would mean Black rule.
8. What is called Holocaust ?
The word ‘holocaust’ is used to describe the genocide of nearly six million Jews by the Germans during World War II. Annihilating the Jews was one of the main items on the political agenda of Hitler and the Nazis. Hitler was able to play on the anti-Jewish feelings (anti-Semitism) which were common in Germany and, in fact, throughout Europe.
9.What is called Cold War
Cold War: The rivalry that developed after World War II between the US and the USSR and their respective allies created tension which is referred to as Cold War. They did not take recourse to weapons. Instead they waged war on political, economic and ideological fronts.
10. Write a note on Zionist Movement
Zionist Movement: In Palestine, the ancient home of Jews, only a few thousand Jews were living in 1900. Some 15 million were scattered around Europe and North America. The Jewish State in which he called for the creation of a Jewish national home. In 1897 the World Zionist Organisation was founded.
11. Write a note on Palestine Liberation Organization(PLO)
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)- It is an umbrella political organization representing the world’s
Palestinians – all Arabs and their descendants who lived in mandated Palestine before the creation of the State of Israel in 1948. It was formed in 1964 to federate various Palestinian groups that previously had operated as clandestine resistance movements. Yasser Arafat was its most prominent leader.
12. Write a note on Berlin Wall.
People in East Berlin suffered from lack of democracy and freedom. Therefore, people of East Berlin moved to West Berlin in large numbers. East Germany began to construct a wall in 1961 which virtually cut off West Berlin from East Berlin and the surrounding East German areas. It was heavily guarded with watch towers and other lethal impediments to stop people from the East. A mass of people assembled on 9 November 1989 on both sides of the wall and began to demolish it. Germany was officially reunited on 3 October 1990.
13.Write a note on Perestroika
Perestroika (‘restructuring’) refers to the programme introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in the late 1980s to restructure Soviet economic and political system. Along with the policy of ‘Glasnost’ (‘openness), Perestroika was intended to energize Soviet economy which was lagging behind the developed countries of the capitalist world
14. Write a note on Glasnost
Glasnost (‘openness’) was a policy of ideologically openness introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev along with Perestroika in the 1980s. Under Glasnost there was more openness, writers who had been censored earlier wererehabilitated, and there was space for criticism of politics and government.
15. Write a note on“Aligarh movement,”
“Aligarh movement,” is so called because it was centred around the Aligarh Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental collegefounded by him in 1875, which is a landmark in the history of Indian Muslim education. The college was raised tothe status of a university in 1920.
16. Write a note on Ondiveeran
Ondiveeran: Ondiveeran led one of the army units of Puli Thevar. Fighting by the side of Puli Thevar, he causedmuch damage to the Company’s army. According to oral tradition, in one battle, Ondiveeran’s hand was choppedoff and Puli Thevar was saddened. But Ondiveeran said it was a reward for his penetration into enemy’s fort causingmany heads to roll.
17. Write a note on Kuyili
Kulii a faithful friend of Velunachiyar, is said to have led the unit of women soldiers named after Udaiyaal.Udaiyaal was a shepherd girl who was killed for not divulging information on Kuyili. Kuyili is said to havewalked into the British arsenal (1780) after setting herself on fire, thus destroying all the ammunition.
18. Write a note on Dyarchy system.
Dyarchy, a system of dual government introduced under the Government of India Act 1919, divided the powers ofthe provincial government into Reserved and Transferred subjects. The Reserved Subjects comprising finance,defence, the police, justice, land revenue, and irrigation were in the hands of the British. The Transferred Subjectsthat included local self-government, education, public health, public works, agriculture, forests and fisheries wereleft under the control of Indian ministers. The system ended with the introduction of provincial autonomy in 1935.
19. Write a note on The Mountbatten Plan
Lord Mountbatten was sent as Viceroy to India with the specific task of transfer of power. On 3 June 1947 theMountbatten Plan was announced. Power would be transferred on the basis of dominion status to India andPakistan. „ Princely states would have to join either India or Pakistan.
20. Write a note on The Madras Presidency
Tamil Nadu was then part of the Madras Presidency which included large parts of the present-day states ofAndhra Pradesh (Coastal districts and Rayalaseema), Karnataka (Bengaluru, Bellary, South Canara), Kerala(Malabar) and even Odisha (Ganjam).
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