Introduction
Generally, “any human activity which is engaged in the conversion of raw materials into readily usable materials is called an industry”.Industrialisation refers to the process of using modern techniques of production to produce goods that are required by both consumers and other producers on a large scale. In this chapter
we will learn the nature of industrialisation of Tamil Nadu, importance of industrial clusters, how industrial clusters have developed in Tamil Nadu and the role of government initiatives in promoting industries.
To understand importance of industries,we need to understand why the share of
agriculture in an economy's income and employment decreases with development.
First, demand for food remains constant with regard to income. Therefore, as an economy grows and incomes increase, consumers tend to spend a lesser share of their income on products from the agricultural sector.Second, even the food that is consumed is subject to more transformation. Food products are taken over longer distances, processed and branded. This also requires that food products
have to be preserved. As a result, the prices that farmers get tend to be much less compared to the prices at which consumers buy.Third, there are limits to the ability
of agriculture to absorb labour due to the declining marginal productivity of land. Wages too cannot therefore increase and as a result poverty levels may remain high, especially when more and more people continue to rely on agriculture for their livelihood.
Types of Industries
Industries can be classified on the basis of
(a) Users: If the output is consumed by the final consumer, it is called a consumer
goods sector. If the output is consumed by another producer, it is called a capital goods sector. There are industries that produce raw materials for other industries such as cement and steel. Such industries are called basic goods industries.
(b) Type of Inputs Used: Industries are also classified based on the kind of raw material used such as agro-processing, textiles sector, rubber products, leather goods, etc.
(c) Ownership: Firms may be privately owned, publicly owned (by the government,
central or state), jointly owned by the private and public sector, joint sector or cooperatively owned (cooperatives).
(d) Size: Firms may be large, small or medium based on their volume of output, sales or employment or on the basis of the amount of investments made. There are also micro or tiny enterprises that are smaller than even small
firms.
The small sector is seen as important for two reasons. One, it is believed to generat more employment than the large-scale sector, which is likely to use more advanced and automated technologies and therefore may not generate enough employment. Second, the small scale sector allows for a larger number of entrepreneurs to emerge from less privileged backgrounds. Based on experiences of industrialisation
in different parts of the world, it is believed that when small firms specialising in one sector are geographically concentrated in specific locations, and linked to one another through production and learning, they tend to be equally if not more efficient than large scale enterprises. Such agglomerations of small firms are called
industrial clusters.
ஆசிரியர் பெருமக்கள் அனைவருக்கும் வணக்கம் இதுவரை நடந்த அரசு பொதுத்தேர்வு வினாத்தாளில் சமூக அறிவியல் வினாதாளில் வந்த 2 மதிப்பெண் வினாக்கள் கீழே pdf வடிவில் கொடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது.
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