Introduction
Renaissance of development, however, the Renaissance became more than a mere revival of classical learning. It included an impressive record of new achievements in art, literature, science, philosophy, education, religion, and politics.Renaissance incorporated a number of ideas. Notable among them were humanism,scepticism, individualism, and secularism.A unique aspect of the Renaissance was thecontribution made not by monks and nobles,but by laypersons.
Three great events of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries – the Renaissance, the geographical discoveries and the Reformation
– mark a transition from the Middle Ages to the Modern. The essence of Renaissance was the centrality given to the human and the natural, with religion relegated to subordinate place. Renaissance had a profound impact on the making of the modern world. It stimulated
the geographical imagination of Europe. The success of Columbus encouraged overseas enterprise enormously. Reformation, a revolt
against the Catholic Church, transformed the religious map and marked a major turning point in attitudes to religion. Attempts to consolidate a monarchy and to make it absolute resulted in Spain, France, and England evolving as nation states.
Renaissance began in Italian cities and later spread to western Europe. Italians preserved the belief that they were descendants of the ancient Romans. They looked back upon their ancestry with pride. Italy had a more secular culture than most other parts of Latin Christendom. The old cathedrals and paintings seemed to them
gloomy and the old traditions irksome. So in their search for something more to their liking, they discovered books written in Latin. They learnt to write Latin as the ancient Romans did. They also learnt Greek and thereby discovered wonderful works of the Athenians of the time of Pericles and facilitated a rebirth of the ancient and the bygone era of Greek and Roman culture. Italian universities were established primarily for the study of law and philosophy.
Even in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries Florence had produced Dante (1265- 1321) and Petrarch, the two great poets of the
Italian language. Dante’s Divine Comedy is a summation of medieval culture. Its dominant theme is the salvation of mankind through
reason and divine grace. But it abounds with many other themes such as human love, love of country, interest in natural phenomena and even the desire for a free and united Italian nation.Petrarch (1304-1374) produced works both in Latin and Italian. An early humanist, he is considered to be the father of Italian Renaissance
literature. Petrarch’s inquiring mind and love of classical authors led him to travel, visiting men of learning and searching in monastic libraries for classical manuscripts. It is believed that his rediscovery of Cicero’s letters was a key moment in the 14th century Italian Renaissance.
6th Tamil | தமிழ்
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6th English | ஆங்கிலம்
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- 6th English - Term 2 Exam 2022 - 2023 | Original Question Paper | Virudhunagar District | Mr. S. Senthil Kumar - PDF Download Here
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6th Maths | கணிதம்
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6th Science | அறிவியல்
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6th Social | சமூக அறிவியல்
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District | Mr. P. Johnson Devadoss - English Medium PDF Download Here
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6th PET | உடற்கல்வி அறிவியல்
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6th EVS | சுற்று சூழல் அறிவியல்
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6th Urdu | உருது
- 6th Urdu - Term 2 Exam 2019 - 2020 - Original Question Paper | Tirupattur District | Mr. A. Mohammed Ali - PDF Download
Science and Technology
During the fifteenth to the seventeenth centuries, science also developed rapidly
leading to a Scientific Revolution.Scientists of this period had to antagonise the Church,Nicolas Copernicus for the Church did not like people to think and experiment, and question god. Nicolas Copernicus (1473–1543), a Polish scientist, propounded the theory that the Sun was at the centre of the solar system and all the planets including the earth revolved around the sun (heliocentric). This was the opposite view of the Church which propagated the earth-centric (geocentric) view. Any views that opposed the Church’s ideas were considered heresy.Copernicus postponed the publication of his work on the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres
almost till the end of his life. Giordano Bruno,an Italian, was burned in Rome by the Church in 1600 for insisting that the earth went round the sun.The most important astronomical evidence for the heliocentric theory was furnished by the great of astronomer Galileo Galilei (1564–1642). With a telescope, he discovered the satellites of Jupiter, the rings of Saturn and the spots on the sun.
Papal Bull (1493)
The Spanish kings were apprehensive about the Portuguese venture into sea voyages. They requested Pope Alexander VI to find a solution. In 1493, the Pope issued a Papal Bull (proclamation). The proclamation drew a north–south line from pole to pole, passing around 320 miles west of the Cape Verde
islands. It declared that any new discoveries west of the line belonged to Spain. Portugal was not happy with the arrangement. The following year (1494) it struck an agreement with Spain, signing the Treaty of Tordesillas. This arrangement respected the concept of a north–south line of demarcation, but shifted it to 1,185 miles west of the Cape Verde islands, and acknowledged that everything discovered
east of it would belong to Portugal. Six years later, in April 1500, this turned out to Portugal’s advantage, when Pedro Álvares Cabral landed on the east coast of Brazil, and was able to claim it for Portugal.
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