The biggest outcome of the War, the Russian revolution, was unique in world history. The socio-political and economic conditions prevailing in Russia were brought to a head by the vast losses and sufferings caused by the War. There
were really two revolutions in the year 1917,one in March and the other in November. On the abdication of the Tsar the bourgeois government which followed, wanted to continue the war. But the people were against it.So there was a second great uprising under the guidance their leader Lenin, who seized power
and established a communist government in Russia.
In Russia Peter the Great and Catherine II attempted westernisation without changing the social conditions. The Russian peasants were serfs tied to lands owned by wealthy Russians. After Russia’s defeat in the Crimean War, some reforms were introduced. In 1861Tsar Alexander II abolished serfdom and
emancipated the serfs. But they were not given enough land to subsist. These peasants became the powder keg for the revolution. The labourers and workers whose number had increased on account of industrialisation were aggrieved as
they got very low wages.
The spread of revolutionary ideas among the intelligentsia and their repression by the Tsar’s government made the socialistically inclined students to carry their propaganda to the peasantry. Soon, based on the Marxist philosophy, new ideas began to take shape and a Social and Democratic Labour Party was
formed.
Tsar Nicholas II of Romanov dynasty had little experience of government. His wife
Tsarina Alexandra was a dominant personality and Nicholas was under
her strong influence.Determined that Russia should not be left out in the scramble for colonial possessions, Nicholas encouraged Russian expansion in Manchuria. This provoked a war with Japan in 1904. The resulting Russian defeat led to strikes and riots. On 22 January 1905 Father Gapon, a priest, organised a march of men, women and children on the Tsar’s Winter Palace in St. Petersburg demanding a representative national assembly and agrarian and industrial reforms. But police and soldiers fired on the procession. Hundreds were killed and many thousands wounded. The events of this day (known as Bloody Sunday) led to riots, strikes
and violence. Nicholas was forced to grant a constitution and establish a parliament, theDuma. This was no longer satisfactory to the left-wing parties that formed a Soviet (council)of worker's delegates in St Petersburg, led by
Trotsky.
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