There are two sets of factors that have contributed to the process. The introduction of cotton cultivation in western and southern Tamil Nadu by the colonial government led to the emergence of a large-scale textile sector in
these parts. Second, increase in trade during this period led to industrial development around two of the most active ports in the region,Chennai and Tuticorin. Match factories too emerged during the colonial period in the
Sivakasi region, which later on became a major centre for fireworks production and printing.Port-related activity too contributed to the growth of the region. Leather production wasalso taking place in Dindigul, Vellore and Ambur areas.
In Western Tamil Nadu, the emergence of textiles industries also led to demand and
starting of textile machinery industry in the region. This textile machinery industry in turn led to the rise of a number of small workshops for repair and producers of machinery components. Another major development in the western region is the introduction of electricity from hydro-electric power in 1930s.Availability of electricity allowed for use of oil engines for drawing ground water. This
led to both expansion of agriculture as well as increase in demand for oil engines. In turn, it led to emergence of workshops for servicing engines and also for addressing the demand for spare parts. Foundries began to be set up and
agricultural machinery began to be produced.
The Non-Alignment Movement (NAM) emerged in the wake of decolonization that
followed World War II. At the Bandung (a city in Indonesia) conference (1955), the newly independent countries of Asia and Africa gave a call for abstaining from allying with any of the two Super Powers. It also pledged to fight all
forms of colonialism and imperialism. The NAM held its first conference at
Belgrade in 1961 under the leadership of Tito (Yugoslavia), Nasser (Egypt), Nehru (India),Nkrumah (Ghana) and Sukarno (Indonesia).The basic principles of non-alignment, as listed in the statement issued at the Belgrade (a Serbian
city, then part of Yugoslavia) Conference, were peaceful co-existence, commitment to peace and security, no military alliance with any super power, no permission for any super power to build its military base in its territories. With the collapse of Soviet Union, the idea of non- alignment lost relevance.
By the end of Second World War Viet Minh controlled the northern half of Vietnam.
Viet Minh formed a government led by Ho ChiMinh in Hanoi. This Viet Minh government quickly occupied the southern half of Vietnam.However, the Allied Powers decided at Potsdam that the British in the south and the Chinese in
the north should defend Indo-China from the Japanese. But Ho Chi Minh had established his control very firmly and so, early in 1946, the British and Chinese troops had to withdraw,leaving the French and Viet Minh to confront each other. In March the two governments (French and Viet Minh) reached an agreement
by which North Vietnam was to be a free state,within an Indo-Chinese Federation.
In 1949 the French attempted to secure the support of the population by declaring Vietnam,Laos and Cambodia independent within the French Union, retaining only foreign affairs anddefence under French control.
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