Santhals, scattered in various parts ofeastern India, when forced to move out of theirhomeland during the process of creation ofzamins under Permanent Settlement, clearedthe forest area around the Rajmahal Hills.They were oppressed by the local police andthe European officers engaged in the railwayconstruction. Pushed out of their familiar habitat, the Santhals were forced to rely on the moneylenders for their subsistence.Soon they were trapped in a vicious circleof debt and extortion. Besides this, Santhalsalso felt neglected under the corrupt Britishadministration and their inability to render justice to their legitimate grievances.One of the prominent tribal rebellionsof this period occurred in Ranchi, known asUlugulan rebellion (Great Tumult).The Mundapeople were familiar with the co-operative orcollective farming known as Khuntkatti (jointholding) land system. It was totally erodedby the introduction of private ownershipof land and the intrusion of merchants andmoneylenders. The Munda people were alsoforcefully recruited as indentured labourers towork on plantations. In the 1890s tribal chiefsoffered resistance against the alienation oftribal people from their land and imposition ofbethbegari or forced labour.
10th class|social|Previous Public Question Paper|both medium
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