English education, introduced with the object of producing clerks, also produced a
new English-educated middle class. This class came under the influence of western ideas and thoughts. Christianity also had its effect on the newly emerging middle class. Though small in number, the educated middle class began to take a lead in political as well as in reform movements. The Indian reformers were, however, quite hesitant to subject their old notions and habits to critical scrutiny. Instead they attempted to harmonize both Indian and Western cultures. Their ideas and their actions helped to mitigate social evils such as sati, female infanticide, and
child marriage and various superstitious beliefs.Deeply concerned with the prevailingcustoms of sati, child marriage, and polygamyhe published tracts against them and petitionedthe government to legislate against them. Headvocated the rights of widows to remarry. Hewanted polygamy to end. He appealed to reason
and humanity and compassion of the people.His campaign played a key role in forcing the Governor-General William Bentinck’s legislation abolishing sati in 1829.
Deoband was a revivalist movement organized by the orthodox Muslim Ulema. The
Ulema under the leadership of Muhammad QasimWanotavi (1832-80) and Rashid Ahmad Gangotri (1828-1905) founded the school at Deoband in the Saharanpur district of the U.P in 1866. The school curricula shut out English education and western culture. The instruction imparted was in original Islamic religion and
the aim was moral and religious regeneration of the Muslim community.Among the Sikhs of Punjab too there were attempts to reform. Baba Dayal Das, founder of
the Nirankari Movement, stressed the worship of god as Nirankar (formless). Rejection of idols,rejection of rituals associated with idolatry, reverence for the authority of Guru Nanak and of the Adi Granth formed the essence of
his teachings. He reiterated the prohibition on meat-eating, and liquor consumption.
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