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Tamil Nadu showed the lead in resistingcolonial rule. As early as the late eighteenthcentury the Palayakarars, resisted theEnglish attempts to establish their politicalhegemony in Tamil Nadu. Even after thedefeat of the Palayakarars, an uprising wasorganised by Indian sepoys and officers inVellore Fort in 1806 that had its echoes inseveral cantonments in south India. Thanksto the introduction of Western educationand eventual emergence of educated Indian

middle class, the struggle against the Britishtook the constitutional path. The freedomstruggle in Tamil Nadu was unique, becausefrom the beginning it was not only a strugglefor independence from the English rule butalso a struggle for independence from socialdisability imposed by the obnoxious castesystem. In this lesson we shall study the roleplayed by nationalists wedded to diverse
ideologies in Tamil Nadu.

 

The appointment of T. Muthuswami as thefirst Indian Judge of the Madras High Court in1877 created a furore in Madras Presidency. Theentire press in Madras criticized the appointmentof an Indian as a Judge. The press opposed hisappointment and the educated youth realizedthat the press was entirely owned by Europeans.The need for a newspaper to express the Indianperspective was keenly felt. G. Subramaniam,M. Veeraraghavachari and four other friends
together started a newspaper The Hindu in1878. It soon became the vehicle of nationalistpropaganda. G. Subramaniam also started aTamil nationalist periodical Swadesamitranin 1891 which became a daily in 1899. Thefounding of The Hindu and Swadesamitranprovided encouragement to the starting of othernative newspapers such as Indian Patriot, SouthIndian Mail, Madras Standard, Desabhimani,Vijaya, Suryodayam and India.

Provincial associations such as the MadrasMahajana Sabha led to the formation of anall-India organisation, the Indian NationalCongress Leaders from different parts ofIndia attended several meetings before theformation of the Congress. One such meetingwas held in December 1884 in TheosophicalSociety at Adyar. It was attended by DadabhaiNaoroji, K.T. Telang, Surendranath Banerjeeand other prominent leaders apart from G.Subramaniam, Rangaiah and Anandacharlu
from Madras.The partition of Bengal (1905) led tothe Swadeshi Movement and changed thecourse of the struggle for freedom. In variousparts of India, especially Bengal, Punjab andMaharashtra popular leaders emerged. Theyimplemented the programme of the CalcuttaCongress which called upon the nation topromote Swadeshi enterprise, boycott foreigngoods and promote national education.

 

While the extremists and revolutionarieswere suppressed with an iron hand, the
moderates hoped for some constitutionalreforms. However, they were disappointed withthe Minto-Morley reforms as it did not providefor responsible government.
Thus when the national movement was inits ebb, Annie Besant, an Irish lady and leader ofthe Theosophical Society, proposed the HomeRule Movement on the model of Irish HomeRule League. She started Home Rule Leaguein 1916 and carried forward the demand forhome rule all over India. G.S. Arundale, B.P.Wadia and C.P. Ramaswamy assisted her inthis campaign. They demanded home rule withonly a nominal allegiance to British Crown.She started the newspapers New India and
Commonweal to carry forward her agenda. Sheremarked, “Better bullock carts and freedomthan a train deluxe with subjection”. Under thePress Act of 1910 Annie Besant was asked to payhefty amount as security. She wrote two books,How India wrought for Freedom and India: ANation and a pamphlet on self-government.

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The Indian national movement wasrevived and also radicalised during theHome Rule Movement (1916-1918), led byLokamanya Tilak and Annie Besant. WorldWar I and Indian’s participation in it was thebackground for the Home Rule League. WhenBritain declared war against Germany in 1914,the moderate and liberal leadership extendedtheir support to the British cause. It was hopedthat, in return, the British government wouldgive self-government after the war. Indiantroops were sent to several theatres of WorldWar. But the British administration remainednon-committal to such goals. What was seen
as a British betrayal to the Indian cause ofself-government led to a fresh call for a massmovement to pressurise the British government.regiment and twoSubedars and the Jamedar Sheik Kasim of the1st battalion of the 1st regiment. Vellore Revolthad all the forebodings of the Great Rebellion of1857. The only difference was that there was nocivil rebellion following the mutiny. The 1806revolt was not confined to Vellore Fort. It had its echoes in Bellary, Walajabad, Hyderabad,Bengaluru, Nandydurg, and Sankaridurg.

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