• In the aftermath of Second World War a new erabegan.
• It was the beginning of the decline of Europeancolonial empires and the independence of colonies
in Asia and Africa.
• If the effects of World War I led to the communist
revolution of Russia, the Second World War played
a big part in the communist revolution in China.
• The emergence of the US and the USSR as super
powers resulted in the division of the world into
two antagonistic blocs.
• A cold war situation triggered deadly conflicts in
Korea, Cuba, Vietnam and West Asia.
• Under the Marshall Plan for reconstruction of the war-
ravaged Europe, the US won the trust of the great powers
in Europe.
• Soviet Russia, by demonstrating solidarity with the
liberation struggles of countries in Asia and Africa, earned
the goodwill of the latter.
• The Non-Aligned Movement played a limited role in
containing the conflict between the two power blocs.
• In a bid to wriggle out of US control, European countries
started the European movement in the form of Council of
Europe.
• The disintegration of the Manchu dynasty began with the death of the Dowager-
Empress in 1908.
• The new emperor was two-years old and the provincial governors began to assert
their independence.
• In October 1911 the local army mutinied and the revolt spread.
• Provincial governors removed the Manchu garrisons and proclaimed their
independence.
• Already there were a few middle-class leaders.
• Dr. Sun Yat-sen was one among them.
• On hearing the news of the rising in a newspaper in the United States Sun Yat-senarrived in Shanghai and was immediately elected provisional president of the newChinese Republic
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